Kidney cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma, typically starts in the small tubes of the kidney. Early detection and treatment can lead to favorable outcomes. Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They’re located behind your abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of your spine.
In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. Other less common types of kidney cancer can occur. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms’ tumor.
Symptoms:
Kidney cancer can be asymptomatic in its early stages. However, as the tumor grows, it can lead to various symptoms, including:
- Blood in Urine (Hematuria): One of the most common signs of kidney cancer is blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or brown.
- Lump in the Abdomen: Some patients may feel a palpable mass or lump in the side or abdomen where the affected kidney is located.
- Pain: Persistent pain in the side or lower back, below the ribs, can be an indication of kidney cancer.
- Fatigue: Unexplained fatigue and weight loss can occur as the cancer progresses.
- Fever and Night Sweats: Some people may experience fever and night sweats, although this is less common.
Diagnosis:
- Imaging (CT, MRI, Ultrasound): Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of kidney cancer. These techniques help visualize the kidney and any potential tumors. Computed Tomography (CT) scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the kidney and surrounding structures. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers high-resolution images and is useful in cases where CT scans are inconclusive. Ultrasound is another non-invasive method to visualize the kidney and is often used as a preliminary diagnostic tool.
- Biopsy (Rarely Done): Kidney cancer is often diagnosed based on imaging results, and biopsies are rarely required. However, in some cases where imaging results are inconclusive or there is a need to confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy may be performed. During a biopsy, a small sample of kidney tissue is obtained and examined under a microscope to determine the presence of cancerous cells.
- Staging: Staging is essential to determine the extent of the disease and guide treatment decisions. The TNM system (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) is commonly used for kidney cancer. It considers factors such as tumor size, lymph node involvement, and the presence of distant metastasis. Staging helps oncologists assess the prognosis and plan appropriate treatment.
Supportive Care:
- Pain Management: Managing pain is crucial in kidney cancer treatment. Patients may experience pain from the tumor itself or as a result of surgery or other treatments. Pain can be controlled with medications, nerve blocks, or other interventions, and the goal is to improve the patient’s quality of life.
- Blood Pressure Control: Kidney cancer can affect blood pressure, and some treatments, such as TKIs, may also impact blood pressure. Maintaining healthy blood pressure levels is important for overall well-being and to minimize potential side effects.
- Nutrition: A balanced diet is essential for kidney cancer patients, as it can help maintain strength and manage potential side effects of treatment. Nutritionists can provide guidance on dietary choices to support the patient’s overall health and well-being during treatment.
Summary:
Kidney cancer diagnosis relies on imaging, with biopsies rarely performed. Treatment options include surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, with the choice of treatment based on factors like the tumor’s size and stage. Supportive care is essential to manage symptoms and side effects, including pain, blood pressure, and nutrition. Kidney cancer treatment is highly individualized, and the appropriate approach is determined by a healthcare team based on the patient’s specific circumstances.